Characteristic Properties And Instrumental methods
Emission of radiation
Emissionspectroscop(X-ray,Uv,visible,electron,Auger);flourescence, phosphorescence,and luminescence (X-ray,Uv,and visible)
Absorption fo radiation
Spectrophotometry and photometry (X-ray,UV visble IR); Photoacoustic spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance and electron spin resonance spectroscopy
Scattering of radiation Turbidimetry;nephelometry;Raman Spectroscopy
Diffraction of radiation X-ray and electron diffracton methods
Refraction of radiation Refractometry;interferometry
Rotation of radiation
Polarimetry;optical rotary dispersion;circular dichroism
Electrical potential
Potentialmetry; optical rotary dispersion ;circular dichroism
Electrical charge Columetry
Electrical current Amperometry;polarography
Electrical resistance Conductometry
Mass Gravimetry(quartz crystal microbalance)
Mass-to-charge ratio Mass spectrometry
Rate of reaction Kinetic methods
Thermal characteristics
Thermal gravimetry and titrimetry;differntial scanning calorimetry;differntial thermal analysis ;thermal conductometric methods
Radioactivity Activation and isotope dilution methods
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